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Descriptive Essay About Beach - 1158 Words

Every morning, I would wake up and look out of my window. I would admire the vast expanse of shimmering ocean that stretched beyond the horizon. My bedroom window in the back of the house looked over the enclosed porch, over the sea wall, and onto the beach. Entranced by the lull of crashing waves, I would become memorized at the immensity of it all. I was never afraid of the ocean. As a child, my sister and I would long spend hours out on the beach in front of our house. We would build gigantic sand castles, collect seashells, and gleefully run into the water with all our clothes on. The the beach, and by extension, the ocean was always a safe haven for me. It provided an escape from the dull and mundane world of school. Often when I got†¦show more content†¦I would often admire the dozen other houses that were scattered along the beach. When the sun finally rise, we would sit there in perfect stillness admiring the morning rays dancing upon the waves. Sometimes if we were lucky, we would see many sea birds, dolphins and even a whale once. This was my safe space. This was my home. This was my world. This was everything I valued. But one that all changed after at the end 2004. The region where we lived in New Zealand was too remote to get adequate television signal so we relied upon my father laptop to keep updated upon the events of the world. It was the day after christmas. It was abnormally gray as I looked out of my window that morning, even though it was the middle of summer. Big waves were crashing against the storm wall. When I walked downstairs, I could immediately tell something was wrong by the grave expressions etched into my parent’s faces. They spoke in hushed voices as they huddled around the computer, reading something unfamiliar to me. It was not until the afternoon that I became privy to their secret. They told me there has been a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean. Just off the coast of Indonesia, these quake has triggered a massive tsunami. Although New Zealand was largely shielded by Australia, we would still experience large waves. All day, I watched the blusteryShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Beach838 Words   |  4 Pages The Beach You have been in the car for a very long three days. You have sat in a line of cars 10 miles long. You have endured your annoying siblings, stressed out parents and the cramped space of the car. You have eaten junk food and soda for days. Your legs are screaming to move, you think you will never arrive. You have heard rumors about the beach. Sand so white it sparkles, water crystal clear, ships the size of buildings, and hotel rooms the sizes of houses. You finally start to see theRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Beach1223 Words   |  5 PagesIt was a cool breezy day at Waikiki Beach on a Saturday afternoon. The sky was painted blue filled with clouds and the sun shining through. As I walked onto the sand I can feel my bare feet get burned by the heat of the sun. I jog to find a spot on the beach where no one else is around. Once I find my spot I slip into my wetsuit and my body gets sucked into it as I zip it up. Then I pull my long, tangled hair into a ponytail to get it out of my face as the wind blows it. Once I’m ready to go inRead More Descriptive Essay about Sunset Beach752 Words   |  4 PagesEver since Sunset Beach has been officially opened to the public, there has been a drastic increase of tourists present. Television programs concluded that at least a thousand people visit the beach everyday. Reasons for their stay are that they feel comfortable with the environment that surrounds the beach front, people who are at the beach are joyous and numerous activities to enjoy, and the fresh scent of the sparkly waters, make the visitors feel calm and pleasurable. So I decided to take a tripRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Orange Beach1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fun and Horrific Orange Beach Trip My friends and I had taken a weekend trip to Orange Beach. We decided to stay in a condo for the entire weekend. The day that we were going to Orange Beach my friend Hasan was graduating from Madison Central High School in 2015, and he was getting his parents to drive him to Orange Beach so that he could hang out with us for the weekend. We did multiple events such as driving down to Orange Beach and back home, going to the beach, biking, waiting for dinnerRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Cocoa Beach1683 Words   |  7 Pageswhich gave me a strange satisfaction. A gust of warm air abruptly interrupted my daydream to welcome me to Cocoa Beach properly. These engulfing winds danced all around me before hugging my body completely and knocking me off-balance. All around me, I could see multiple different scenes: couples lying next to each other exchanging loving gazes, children building sand castles and running about screaming, friends playing volleyball, and parents atop the boardwal k enjoying alcoholic beverages as well asRead MoreDover Beach801 Words   |  4 PagesDover Beach Essay In the symbolic poem â€Å"Dover Beach† written by Matthew Arnold the main idea is that of change. The poet uses language features and techniques such as assonance, extended metaphor and adjectives as well as using symbolism. The effect of this is to decorate the poem and to enhance the way the main idea of science overthrowing religion is being shown. The poet, Matthew Arnold, uses descriptive language, language techniques and symbolism to dramatically enhance the poem, titled ‘DoverRead MoreSummer1866 Words   |  8 PagesSUMMER (Descriptive Essay)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everyone has a comfortable place to escape to for relaxation.   They go there when they need to be alone and not with people to disturb them.   My place is nature in the summer.   The summer time relaxes me like no exact place could.   Nature, in the summer, relaxes me with its naturedness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I love sitting in the grass and listening to the nature sounds around   me while its summer.   One of the sounds I tune to first is the sound of the birds singing and chirpingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Santa Ana And Linda Thomass Brush Fire1500 Words   |  6 PagesJoan Didion in her essay, â€Å"The Santa Ana† and Linda Thomas in her essay, â€Å"Brush Fire† describes the Santa Ana in two opposing stands with similar moves. Didions purpose in writing her essay for the Santa Ana is to inform her readers. She informs them about the Santa Ana, the effect the winds have on human behavior, and how they have to live with the Santa Ana. Thomas writes her essay to engage readers on the Santa Ana’s effect on brushes. She gives details on how the Santa Ana causes natural brushRead MoreSummary Of The Marginal World By Rachel Carson1771 Words   |  8 PagesAndrew Han 10/24/2015 TLIT 437: Nature and Environment in American Literature Ellen Bayer Conversation Essay As reading this â€Å"journal† the topic that has come to my attention is how a lot of these â€Å"nature writers† are looking at nature either as a positive or negative experience. Most of these shorts journals are looking at nature for not only for what it is, but what it offers, for example in the short â€Å"The Marginal World written by Rachel Carson she portrays â€Å"The Shore is an ancient world, forRead MoreA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings By Gabriel Gracia Marquez1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferently and comparing the personas and characters within the context. In the short stories, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings and â€Å"Death Constant Beyond Love† by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the authors have used a number of literal elements. This essay displays a description of two short stories, with an aim of analyzing metaphors as a literary element. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Gracia Marquez The short story outlined by Gabriel displays different styles of literature collaborations

The Death of My Grandpa Free Essays

The sadest day in my life. When I was a child I lived with a important person for me. He was my grandfather, he was my best friend, with him I share the happinest moments of my life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of My Grandpa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everything was hapiness and I lived in a beautiful world. But a horrible moment arrived and everything finished. When I recived the most confusing and sadest news in my life. One morning, my cousin arrived at my home and with her hesitant voice, she told me some news that I didn`t understand. In that moment my mom arrived and she told me that my grandfather had passed away, she said that with some sweet words, because she knew how important he was for me. I could only try understand all the things that people told me, so I went to my grandmother`s house and when I came in, the only thing I saw was the lonely bed of my grandfather; in that moment I felt a inmense sadness in my heart, that moment was when I could understand everything, that I never again my grandfather would be with me. After I had understood everything or tried to understand what had happended, my family and some friends of us met us at the church for offering emotive masss to give the last good bye to my best friend. It has been the most emotive mass that I had ever lived in my life and that I will never forget. When the mass finished, all people went together to the cementary, some men had already prepared everything. When we arrived, the men who carried to my grandfather, let us see him for last time, when I got close to my grandfather I couldn`t believe that the person that was always happy and laughing, nowwas quiet. In that moment , I felt a inmense confusion and loneliness. My parent, my grandfather and my best friend would never be with me again. That day was the sadest in my life. I know that now I have a new angel, but I lost a friend, since that moment until now, I only have memories of that friend whom I spent happy moments in my life. That day was the sadest in my life although I knew that in that moment i would have a great angel for the rest of my life How to cite The Death of My Grandpa, Papers

How to design a network Essay Example For Students

How to design a network Essay The college of Business (COB) server is now being used to support deliver to theComputer Information System (CIS) department. The CIS professors would be using the serverfor various operations. Assignments, e-mail, and other types of information would be easier forthe students to access. Network users are able to share files, printers and other resources; sendelectronic messages and run programs on other computers. However, certain important issuesneed to be addressed and concentrated on. In order to begin the process of setting up the COBserver, the total numbers of users (faculty and students) must be determined. Some othersignificant factors to be approached are: the required software applications needed on thenetwork, an efficient and appropriate directory structure and effective security structure. Indesigning the directory structure, the major focus must be on accessibility. The number ofundergraduate CIS courses that the server will be used for is be! tween 15 and 17. For the users to be ensured that their information is not at risk, we will createan effective security structure. In composing the appropriate security structure there must becertain access rights assigned to the users. An important technical detail in setting up a server isthe amount of money that will need to be allocated for the restructuring of the system. For thesystem to function properly, the amount of hardware/ software will need to be determined. The COB server will primarily be used by CIS professors and CIS students. Theapproximate number of professors in the CIS department is between five and seven and theapproximate number of CIS majors is between 100 and 120. As computer technology continuesto grow, the number of CIS majors is vastly increasing. If we see a considerable rise inComputer Information Systems majors the department will have to expand its faculty members. The CIS professors will be using the server to disburse their syllabi, distribute specificassignments and send e-mail to their students. The layout, design and complexity of each classwill determine how much the professor may be using the server. The first class a CIS major usually takes at Western is CIS 251. Management InformationSystems (CIS 251). This class offers students a basis for management information systems inbusiness organizations. In putting the COB server to use and getting the student ready forhands-on knowledge of computer-based information systems, CIS 251 focuses on analysis,development, design, implementation, and evaluation. Other tasks that are covered in this classare computer applications ins spreadsheets, word processors, and database systems. Information systems affect both business people and people who live in society. The first programming class CIS majors take is CIS 256. This CIS course will be verybeneficial for the server. Business Computer Programming (CIS 256) introduces the student toan application of programming principle in business. Detailed assignments involve flowcharting,coding, documentation, and testing. This course provides the student with a background ofcomputer architecture and data representation. This class account will require the BASICprogramming language that will be used as well as the compiler. The CIS elective, CIS 301, emphasizes maximum hands-on experience withmicrocomputers and software packages, including word processing, spreadsheets, databasemanagers, and graphic systems. Microcomputer Applications (CIS 301), is an important coursefor students not majoring in Computer Information Systems, but would like to familiarizethemselves with the personal computer. This account will contain Microsoft Office and e-mailAn important class that becomes useful for the server is the CIS 358 course. The professorcan send applications, reports, programs and other data to the server where the student cantransfer to a disk or their VAX account. Applications Development II (CIS 358) is a study ofthe state of art tools and techni ques for developing complex business applications; dataorganization, on-line processing, software engineering, and software maintenance. This CIS classis an extension to CIS 258. The student will expand his/her knowledge of the COBOLprogramming language. In order for the CIS major to apply principle of good application designand solving problems, the Visual Basic programming language will also be introduced. Theaccount for these two classes will contain the COBOL programming language and the compilerFor the students to learn more about client-server technology, CIS 365 is required to theComputer Information Systems curriculum. The student will be involved in learning aboutdifferent types of client-server environment such as configuring Worldwide Web environment andbuilding a Netware LAN to support delivery client-server computing. Computer Architecture,Communications, and Operating Systems (CIS 365) focuses on the architecture of moderncomputer systems including peripherals; data co mmunications networking with fault tolerantcomputing; language transition; operating systems software/hardware and utilities. This accountwill have internet connections and Netware operations. In studying Database Management Systems (CIS 453), the CIS student will learn the roleof databases, database applications, data modeling using entity-relationship and semantic objectmodels. The significance of the COB server for CIS 453 is that the student will focus onmulti-user database processing on LANs with the emphasis on client-server systems. In thisdatabase class, students will also be required to design and implement a database using thecurrent technology. This account will require Microsoft Access and Salsa. To familiarize the CIS major with systems development, CIS 455 is required by thecurriculum. This class introduces the student with cost/benefit justification; software design;implementation and maintenance procedures; quality assurance; and integration of informationsystems int o management decision-making processes. Computer Information Systems Analysisand Design (CIS 455) will require that a student design an appropriate computer system for aspecific company or business. The account for this class will contain Microsoft Office and willThe last class that is required for in the CIS core is CIS 465. In this course, the focal pointis to strategically use information systems in the business environment. Information ResourceManagement (CIS 465) centers on responsibility and accountability of information resourcemanagers; security, legal, and ethical issues; procurement and supervision of resources andresource assessment. This class will have Visual/IFPS Plus as well as Internet capabilitites. Local area networks (LANs) could be thought of as pockets of coordinated computingwithin a small geographic area. The network has three layers of components: Applicationsoftware, network software, and network hardware. Application software that will be used willconsists of computer programs that interface with network users and permit the sharing ofinformation, such as files, graphics, and video, and resources, such as printers and disks. Thetype of application software that will be used is called client-server. Client computers sendrequests for information or requests to use resources to other computers, called servers, thatcontrol data and applications. The network software to be used will consists of computerprograms that establish protocols, or rules, for computers to talk to one another. Theseprotocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols make logical connections between network applications, d! irect movement through the physical network, and minimize the possibility of collisions betweenpackets sent at the same time. Network hardware is made up of the physical components thatconnect computers. Two important components that will carry the computer’s signals will bewires or fi ber-optic cables, and the network adapter, which will access the physical media thatlinks the computers, receives packets from the network software, and transmits instructions andrequests to other computers. Transmitted information is in the form of binary digits, or bits whichthe electronic circuitry can process. The new local area network (LAN) that we are proposing to design will only be a one volumeserver. The directory structure for this server will go as follows: There will be a system directorywhere the queue holds and services the print jobs prior to being printed. A login will beestablished to activate and open a session to the Network Operating System for a user. TheDOS applications available to the public will be Word Perfect, Excel, Power Point, and Lotus1-2-3. A mail directory will be created for users to be able to send e-mail and also retrieve it. The users of this directory structure will be focused around the faculty which will be Heinrichs,Perry, Banerjee, Clapper, and Carland. The faculty will have the rights to the classes that aretaught here at Western Carolina University. These classes will also be used by the students of theComputer Information Systems program. The applications that will be used by the students andBOL, Visual Basic, Database applications, Basic, and Visual/IFPS Plus. In these courses facultycan assign programs or assignments to the students and all they have to do is go to theappropriate class that they are in and get the homework that is do for that certain class. The medium used to transmit information will limit the speed of the network, the effective distancebetween computer, and the network topology. The coaxial cable will provide transmissionspeeds of a few thousand bits per second for long distances and about one-hundred million bitsper second (Mbps) for shorter distances. The type of topology that will be used to arrange computers in this network will be the bustopology. The bus topology is composed of a single l ink connected to many computers. Allcomputers on this common connection receive all signals transmitted by any attached computer. Local area networks which connect separated by short distances, such as in an office or auniversity campus, commonly use a bus topology. Twisted pair, for slow speed LANs, will bethe cabling of these computers. Here, the main cable is typically a shielded twisted pair (likephone lines). The board is attached to a TAP via three cables then the tap is connected to thetwisted pair again at three points. An active hub will connect up to eight PCs and workstations. Each PC or work station can be up from two thousand feet from the active hub. Each port of theactive hub will be electrically isolated and will not need terminators for unused ports. Typically a LAN has a server node to provide certain services to the LAN users. In this case ofa small scale PC LAN, the server is attached to a laser printer, so that all users can share thatprinter through the server. Another use of the server is that if the LAN users need to get someupdated files. Instead of copying to all the nodes each of them can copy / share from the server,where only once those files can be loaded or updated. The Network security structure would not be a very complicated. The Supervisor would begranted full access to all the resources in the CIS program. Students who are a CIS major willhave read, copy and write capabilities for the classes they will attend. The Public accounts willonly have the right to be able to access the rights to Word Perfect, Excel, Power Point, etc. TheFaculty will also have rights to the classes with read, copy, write and send. Networks are subject to hacking, or illegal access, so shared files and resources must beprotected. A network intruder could easedrop on packets being sent across network or sendfictitious messages. For important information, data encryption (scrambling data usingmathematical equations) renders captured packets unreadable t o an intruder. This server will usean authentication scheme to ensure that a request to read or write files or to use resources is froma legitimate client (faculty or CIS majors) and not from an intruder. The system will have asecurity measure of telling whether or not the user is a CIS major or not by given each CIS majorand faculty a code or password.. The CIS majors will be given a code in which they will have toenter in every time he or she gets to the computer and wants information from a CIS class. Everytime the student enters in the code the computer will keep it in memory so if the same passwordis entered somewhere else the person wil! l not be allowed in. This station restricitions will keep students from going in and messing aroundwith the students information while that CIS student is working. There will be disk restrictions toassure that storage space is evenly allocated. The CIS users will also have to change thepassword every now and then to keep confidentiality of his or her passwords. This will put anaccount to have an expiration date to it so that the user will have to change his or her passwordas the semester goes on to insure the security of their account. Under no circumstance should an administrator put an entire system at risk for theconvenience of a few users. Certain measures and precautions should be implemented to ensurethat the network will operate effectively and effeciently. Another major concern when designing a system is to anticipate the addition of moreworkstations and eventually more users. By considering this now many problems can be solvedeven before they exist. If there is room allotted for expansion in the beginning, then actuallyimplementing the new ideas and hardware should be simple. Assumptions about how large the system will actually get and how many users it will accomadate are very serious issues thatneed to be addressed in the utmost fashion. These questions require serious answers that if notAnother key issue that needs to be addressed is who will be issued an account on the system. Assisted Suicide1 Essay Certainly each CIS faculty member will have his or her own personal account. In these accountssome items such as personal research materials and grades will reside. Then there is the matter ofthe individual CIS classes and individual CIS students. Logically each class will have a separateaccount because the information in each account will be different (applications etc.). The mainpoint of concern is the applications involved with each class. Using Visual Basic and Visual/IFPSPlus, having a COBOL compiler to run your programs on and so on. CIS students will have their own personal account. A space will reserved for them toexecute e-mail and other personal things. They will need to have a good understanding of thedirectory to the class that they need to locate and do their work in. Each faculty member willhave their own account as well. They will be able to send e-mail to students and also puthomework in the accounts of the classes that they teach. Other faculty members will not havea ccess to the server. As stated before the main purpose of the server is to deliver CISinformation only and for the CIS discipline only. The main points of concern when dealing with the printer configuration are reliability andaccessibility. Reliability is centered around quality and effeciency. Top quality network printersare expensive but sometimes are not the best choice. Speed of output, such as papers perminute, play a big role in choosing a network printer. Printers that are easy to get to and easy toservice are a key to a successful network. I personally can not stand to walk into a lab and haveto hunt where the printers are and have to wait for someone to remove a jammed paper. The labon the second floor of the Belk building is a good example. An excellent example of a goodconfiguration is in Forsyth. The printers are easily seen and easily worked on. The printersseparate the two main islands of workstations which allow for effecient management. This system will be of conside rable size and area. It will require constant monitoring and anyon-line maintenance will be in the form of a supervisor or network administrator. This designatedperson or person’s will need to be very knowledgable in all the system’s hardware and software. For example CAN certified would be an excellent standard for consideration. The person orperson’s would have to be a full time faculty member in the College of Business. I feel that havinga daily interaction with the system and the users would prove to be very helpful in comparison tohaving someone called in to diagnose and solve the problems. Outside consultants are usuallyexpensive and are most of the time are not worth it. The load placed upon the system will vary at times. Classes are going to have a conflict inassignment due dates and everyone is going to rush to the lab to finish their assignments. However I think that most of the time there will be a slight to moderate load placed on thesystem. Most students bounce in to check their mail or to send a quick message anyway. Sittingdown and writing a program in one session is impossible any, so that will reduce the load in itself. Login scripts for each user need to be simple. Allowing students to write their own shouldnot even be considered. Each student should have the same format and be placed at the samestarting point each time that they login. Alloting a specific number of search drives and networkdrivers would definitly reduce problems. Students should be required to change their passwordsperiodically. The system login scripts could execute certain commands for each different users,faculty and students. These are just a few areas within the entire Technical Design process thatBibliography:

Research project on cost reduction practices

The Value of the Chinese Renminbi

The Value of the Chinese Renminbi Free Online Research Papers MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ECON 867 International Financial Management Lecturer: Dr. George Milunovich The value of the Chinese renminbi, its management and risks associated with investing in China written by Mahmut Berdan 41404068 Arthur Britto 41087054 Rasmus Heim 40981088 Joanne Papanikitas 40321711 Words: 2,932 Table of Contents Introduction 1 The current economic situation and the present exchange rate regime in mainland China 2 The equilibrium value of the Chinese renminbi under a flexible exchange rate regime 4 Reasons behind the Chinese governments decision to keep the renminbi pegged to a basket of currencies 7 Risks commercial participants face from a managed float versus a fully flexible exchange rate in China 9 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction In recent times, the Chinese economy has become a topic of great interest within economic literature and global affairs. In particular, China’s rapidly exceeding economy has sparked extensive discussion on the value, management and stability of the Chinese renminbi, as well as considerable debate concerning the strengths and potential risks associated with investing in China. In what appears to be an economy with immense potential to further expand its global influence, several key factors need to be analysed. Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages associated with the current economic situation and present exchange rate regime existing in mainland China. Secondly, the motivations behind the Chinese governments decision to peg its national currency to a basket of currencies and moreover, the potential risks associated with replacing a fixed exchange rate system with a more flexible one. By considering such factors, it is seemingly clear that China’s recently introduced peg to as basket of currencies will more adequately reflect its economic position, as well as the renminbi’s currency value, within global financial markets. The current economic situation and the present exchange rate regime in mainland China China possesses one of the fastest growing economies in the world, with its rapidly booming economy seaming ahead of its global competitors. Undoubtedly, China is the primary contributor to the growing economic strength of Asia, as well as for global economic growth. Over the last four years, China’s economy has expanded at an average of 10.4 per cent per year which, during the same financial period, more than doubled the average growth rate of the world economy. Factors considered bring responsible for China’s startling economic growth are the rise in GDP, GDP Per Capita, investment, trade and the success of Chinese enterprises (Full Steam Ahead for Chinese Economy 2007). China contributes a strong 5.5 percent of the worlds GDP, with growth stable, remaining within 1.1% fluctuation points. Predictions have been made that in 2008, Chinas GDP could possibly increase to 10.7% with the Olympic Games taking place in Beijing (Full Steam Ahead for Chinese Economy 2007). Chinese government officials wish to sustain economic growth in order to reduce poverty (Chinese Economy Exceeds Forecast 2007). In 2006, China appeared to have succeeded, with its per capita income reaching the 2000US threshold for the first time. Rural resident incomes increased by 7.4 per cent, whilst urban residents increased by 10.4 per cent. According World Bank statistics, such an increase suggests that China can no longer be considered a low-income nation (Full Steam Ahead for Chinese Economy 2007). In the last four years, China’s national fixed assets investment has increased by 26.6 per cent, whilst its trade volume has made rapid progress, reaching the third largest volume globally at 1.76 trillion in 2006. Moreover, Chinese enterprises have recorded impressive profit margins, which have undoubtedly strengthened national economic growth (Asia Economy: The Impact of the Renminbi Revaluation 2005). It is seemingly clear that in present terms, the Chinese economy has conditions of high levels of growth and sustainability. However, a nation with such rapidly exceeding growth may face problems of surplus production capacity, the risk of deflation and overheating, if the proportion of exports in GDP capacity continues to rise into the future (Future worries for Chinese Economy 2007). The main priority of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is to maintain strong rates of economic growth, political and economic stability, as well as implement reforms in a country experiencing significant economic transformations (China: Country Outlook 2007). As an eloquent example of economic reform, Chinese officials made a moderate revaluation of the currency by ending the eight year fixed exchange rate policy of pegging the Renminbi against the US dollar and replacing it with a floating exchange rate regime, targeting its value against a basket of currencies (Asia Economy: The Impact of the Renminbi Revaluation 2005). Under the reform, a ‘reference basket’ of currencies is referred to when selecting targets for the Renminbi (Asia Economy: The Impact of the Renminbi Revaluation 2005). Such basket currencies will have assigned ‘index weights’ administered by The State Administration for Exchange Control (SAEC), under direct control of the Peoples Ba nk of China (PBOC) - China’s Central Bank- , that reflect which currencies are most commonly traded in terms of foreign trade, external debt and foreign direct investment (People’s Bank Of China 2007). The Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) stated that trade weighted indexes will not be followed rigidly, as account considerations such as the share of other major currencies in foreign debt and foreign direct investment will also be considered (People’s Bank of China 2007). The revaluation has exhibited a moderate appreciation of 2.1 per cent, from 8.28 per cent against the US Dollar to 8.11 per cent (Asia Economy: EIU’s October Assumptions 2005). An announcement of the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) states that the changes ‘†¦enables the market to fully play its role in resource allocation†¦as well as further strengthen the managed floating exchange rate regime based on supply and demand’ (People’s Bank of China 2007). Chinas trade patterns have moderately altered, relieving pressures caused by China’s capital and current account surpluses. Despite its advantages, the present exchange rate regime may create uncertainty of the future exchange rate level, the appreciation or depreciation of the currency, as well as prices of imported goods and level of export costs in the longer term (Kuroda 2003). The equilibrium value of the Chinese renminbi under a flexible exchange rate regime In order to calculate the equilibrium value of the renminbi, first, one has to decide which of the three basic versions of PPP to use: the Law of One Price (LOP), the absolute PPP or the relative PPP (Yang Bajeux-Besnainou 2006). In this report, the relative PPP will be used to determine RMB’s equilibrium value. Like the other two options, relative PPP does not differentiate between tradable and non-tradable input goods. So, wages are included in prices used to calculate the PPP exchange rate, but not in the market exchange rate. Therefore, the former is lower than the market equilibrium exchange rate given a low per capita income currency such as the RMB being the quoted currency. Hence, the RMB’s value, implied by PPP, is higher than the value indicated by actual exchange rate. However, the relative PPP overcomes LOP’s problem of lacking representativeness. Moreover, in contrast to the absolute PPP, it also reduces the impact of including traded as well as non-traded goods by relying on the equilibrium exchange rate S0 of a base year t=0. The PPP exchange rate then is determined by adjusting S0 by the relative price changes of the two currencies (Yang Bajeux-Besnainou 2006). Since this model is based on an equilibrium value of the exchange rate, the results obtained will be more reliable than those of the other two versions. Therefore, to determine the equilibrium value of the renminbi, the relative PPP method will be used by applying this formula: To ascertain the base period, one has to select a period in which the actual exchange rate was equal to the PPP exchange rate (Artus 1978). Moreover, according to Artus (1978), since biases in measuring relative price changes rise with time, the base period chosen must not lie too far in the past. Yang and Bajeux-Besnainou (2006) chose a period, in which major changes in China’s exchange rate system occured. Given this and Artus’ claim that the base period must not be too distant from the current period, therefore, the exchange rate of July 23 2005 will be taken as a base period. Two days before, the People’s Bank of China announced that the renminbi would be pegged to a basket of currencies. Before that, it was pegged to the US-Dollar only. The following data is used to calculate the PPP exchange rate: 2005 2007 Exchange rate 8.12110 exchange rate of July 23, 2005, i.e. two days after the revaluation (Oanda.com ) 7.0222 (7.55580) exchange rate of March 31, 2008, chosen in accordance with the latest CPI month available (Oanda.com) Domestic price level p (RMB) 101.3 CPI of August 2005, i.e. the month after the revaluation (National Bureau of Statistics of China 2007) 108.3(106.5) latest available CPI, March 2008 (National Bureau of Statistics of China 2008) Foreign price level p* (USD) 196.4 CPI of August 2005, i.e. the month after the revaluation (US Department of Labor 2007) 213.5 (207.9) latest available CPI, March 2008 (US Department of Labor 2008) Since the long-run equilibrium exchange rate implied by relative PPP is higher than the actual exchange rate S2007, the foreign currency USD is undervalued by and the domestic currrency RMB is overvalued by Using PPP as a trading rule, buying USD and selling RMB is recommended. It is important to bear in mind that, since there are, in reality, differences between traded and non-traded goods as well as restrictions in the movement of goods, relative PPP can only be employed as an estimate. More specifically, governments should solely use it as guide for their exchange rate policies, rather than as a precise means to determine deviations of actual exchange rates from an equilibrium value. Reasons behind the Chinese governments decision to keep the renminbi pegged to a basket of currencies In order to establish the reasons behind the Chinese government’s decision to keep the RMB pegged to currencies such as the US dollar, Euro and Japanese Yen, it is important to first differentiate between the reasons given by the Chinese government and the ones pointed out by the US government. Two major justifications made by Chinese policymakers include concerns that moving to a more flexible system would exacerbate deflationary pressures and undermine export competitiveness (Tung Baker 2004). In other words, with the RMB at a higher value against the dollar, there would be an increase in the price of exports and that could lead to a downward pressure on domestic prices. In addition, the Chinese government has also mentioned that the current exchange rate adjustment aims to promote the basic equilibrium of the balance of payments and safeguard macroeconomic and financial stability (Xinhua 2005a). The People’s Bank of China says that it has chosen an exchange rate system â€Å"that caters to its domestic situation by taking into consideration its fundamental interests and economic and social development† (Xinhua 2005b). In other words, China argues that the pegged system more likely guarantees stable economic growth. On the other hand, Americans- namely US lawmakers and manufacturers- have stated that China gives its exporters an unfair price advantage in global markets by keeping the RMB’s value artificially low (Reuters 2007a). For Ben Bernanke, US Federal Reserve Chairman, the yuan regime provides an effective subsidy to Chinese exporters, even though it is not a subsidy in the legal sense of the word (Kaiser 2007). Finally, Condoleezza Rice, US Secretary of State, has recently called for reform of the currency to one that will be reflective of the market (Reuters 2007b). In response to these claims, Chinese President Hu Jintao has currently indicated that China would continue to reform the currency exchange system and let the market play an increasing role (Pulizzi 2007). However, as written by David Cohen in the article China Hints at Further Appreciation of Yuan, â€Å"China remains committed to proceeding [yuan’s revaluation] at its own pace† (2007). Despite Yang and Bajeux-Besnainou’s research finding no convincing evidence to support that the RMB was undervalued (2006), the US Treasury noted in June 2007 that Chinas currency was in fact undervalued. However, it had been unable to determine that Chinas exchange rate policy was carried out for the purpose of preventing effective balance of payments adjustment or gaining unfair competitive advantage in international trade. (Somerville Palmer 2007). Intended or not, considering both countries’ points of view, the Chinese government’s decision to peg the yuan to a basket of currencies has undeniably given a competitive edge to China (The Economist 2007). It is this particular competitive edge that China does not want to lose. This would occur if the country allowed the renminbi to fully float. As Burdekin (2006) stated, losing export markets would slow down economic growth and negatively affect employment. Hence, to make sure that displaced workers can find employment, the government hesitates in accepting even a modest reduction in the country’s high economic growth. To conclude, another reason for keeping the exchange rate system as it is, as Cohen (2007) suggests, is to refer to the old saying â€Å"if it is not broken, do not fix it†. Risks commercial participants face from a managed float versus a fully flexible exchange rate in China According to Davis (2004), the future development of China’s economy is highly determined by its efforts to become more integrated with global financial markets. The necessity of this is also reflected by China’s strict capital controls combined with an immature banking system, which deteriorates external funding for local companies (Davis 2004). Such integration could be achieved by aiming for a market driven ergo floating currency of the Yuan. However Davis (2004) envisages that a sudden change of China’s currency policy would adversely affect China’s interest, due to a continuing underdeveloped banking system, which is being rated one of the worst in the world. In this context, Moosa (2006) suggests that for countries with poor financial systems such as China, a freely floating currency is not suitable since such systems require sophisticated futures and forward markets. Due to this, the pegged currency has proven itself as a major pillar of stability, especially during the Asian crisis (Das 2005). However, the pegged currency is subject to policy decisions which have announced destabilizing effects on the financial markets as compared to periods in which the exchange rates are held constant. Davis (2004) argued that the change towards a free float would lead to an asset flight stemming from Chinese depositors who would diversify their portfolios by investing in other international markets. The economic slow-down and/or potentially resulting crisis would most likely be combated by an enormous rise in interest rates in China. For this reason, Davis suggests that implementing a freely float would not be a viable option for another decade. The change that is most likely to occur in the short term is a revaluation of the pegged exchange rate by appreciating the Yuan, which would require China some time to develop a more competitive and functional banking system. U.S. direct income investors would be majorly affected by such revaluation, since the need for the Chinese Central Bank to buy large quantities of U.S. securities would decrease. This is due to the decreasing proportion of the U.S. trade deficit China is currently backing. Naturally, an appreciation of the Yuan would make Chinese exports more expensive for foreign countries such as the U.S. and therefore possibly reduce imports stemming from China. As a consequence of the revaluation, there could be inflationary impacts on the world economy whose magnitude however would differ between countries (Yang Bajeux-Besnainou 2006). Nevertheless it is important to note that an increase in Chinese exports prices might not have an effect on China’s exports at all due to the general low level of prices stemming from extremely low labour cost. Generally, investors are concerned with exchange rate fluctuations, for they impact on the net worth of their investments. In this context, floating exchange rates are often viewed as a way to achieve higher flexibility and avoid costs associated with policy changes in parities which create greater uncertainty (Aliber 1972). In the case of China, the risk that stems from a floating exchange rate is related to its immature banking system and unforeseeable reaction from investors that suddenly face a more volatile currency. These reactions could generate a chain reaction similar to Thailand which triggered the Asian financial crisis in 1997 (Das 2005). There are a number of political and economic issues for China such as the high degree of corruption for instance, which could increase the likelihood of disorderly national behaviour, creating additional uncertainty (Aliber 1972), (Business Monitor International 2007). This becomes critical in a scenario where the Chinese foreign exchange should depreciate. In that scenario, Chinese exporters and investors will be worse off, whilst political pressure may deteriorate appropriate adjustment of the exchange rate. Additionally, despite China’s accession to the WTO, adequate reform needs to be made in addressing issues such as intellectual property protection, which is still a major impediment on FDI in China according to Business Monitor International (BMI 2007). Moreover, there remain possibilities of financial crisis in China forecasted by BMI (2007) due to a number of factors. Firstly, the lack of effective reduction of non-performing loans (NPLs) in the state-owned banking sector negatively impacts investors’ confidence. Secondly, the currently rapid investment in China could lead to over-capacity, which in turn could lead to the re-emergence of deflationary pressures. Furthermore, the undisputed growth of China’s economy is widely feared as being unsustainable and the impacts of a slow-down are unclear creating uncertainty for investors. Lastly, China is still classified as a non-market economy with most of its trading partners within WTO regulation, which makes China more vulnerable against anti-dumping duties. Conclusion It is apparent that China is highly integrated and influential in today’s global economy. The impact of a revaluation of the Yuan has triggered widespread controversy, with changes in China’s monetary policy being deemed a potential threat to stable global market movements which could trigger economic instability and future crisis. On the one hand, it is feared that the appreciation of the RMB may result in inflationary impacts on the world economy, as well as a decrease of Chinese exports to major trading partners. However, structural aspects such as low labour costs and increasing levels of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) provide a competitive advantage to China over most economies in the world. Therefore, impacts of an appreciation of the RMB may not, as widely assumed, adversely impact China’s competitiveness as a strong exporting nation. In the long term, China will aspire to achieve a more market driven exchange rate system in order to become more closely associated and integrated within global financial markets. In order to successfully sustain and operate a sophisticated and well functioning financial system, financial authorities need to invest time and effort in its structural development. References Aliber, R 1972, ‘Uncertainty, Currency Areas and the Exchange Rate System’, Economica, New Series, vol. 39, no. 156, pp. 432-441. ‘Asia Economy: EIU’s October Assumptions’ 2005, Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd., 28 September, p.1. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from Factiva database. ‘Asia Economy: The Impact of the Renminbi Revaluation’ 2005, The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd., 27 July, p.1. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from Factiva database. Burdekin, R 2006, ‘China and the Depreciating U.S. Dollar’, Asia-Pacific Issues, East-West Center, no. 79. Retrieved September 21, 2007, from Macquarie University WebCT. Business Monitor International 2007, The China Business Forecast Report. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from Business Monitor Database. ‘China: Country Outlook’ 2007, Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd., 1 September, p.2. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from Factiva database. ‘Chinese Economy Exceeding Forecasts’ 2007, Kitchener-Waterloo Record, 12 July, p.2. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from Factiva database. Cohen, D 2007, ‘China Hints at Further Appreciation of Yuan’, BusinessWeek, 22 May. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from businessweek.com/investor/content/may2007/pi20070522_343319.htm Das, D 2005, ‘THE ANATOMY OF A CRISIS: ASIA AS GROUND ZERO’, Centre for Japanese Economic Studies Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109, Research paper Davis, H 2004, ‘Investment Implication of a future Chinese Currency Revaluation’,Vanguard Investment Counseling Research, pp. 2 – 11. ‘Full Steam Ahead for Chinese Economy’, 2007, Asia Pulse Pty Ltd., 19 September, p.1. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from Factiva database. ‘Future worries for Chinese Economy’ 2007, Xinhua Electronics News, 2 July, p.1. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from Factiva database. Kaiser, E 2007, ‘Subprime losses could hit $100 billion: Bernanke’, Reuters, 19 July. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from reuters.com/article/pressReleasesMolt/idUSN1933365020070720?pageNumber=2sp=true Kuroda, H 2003, ‘How to Help the Renminbi Find its Own Level’, The Financial Times Ltd., 17 October, p.1. Retrieved September 19, 2007 from Factiva database. Moosa, I 2007, International Finance, An Analytical Approach, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2007, Statistical Data. Retrieved September 29, 2007, from stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/ Oanda Corporation, 2007, FXHistory: historical currency exchange rates. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from oanda.com/convert/fxhistory The Peoples Bank of China Decides to Expand Designated Banks Forward Sale and purchase of Foreign Exchange Business and Launch RMB Swaps against Foreign Currencies 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2007 from pbc.gov.cn/english/detail.asp?col=6800id=59. Pulizzi, H 2007, ‘White House: Yuan Reform Alone Wont Solve US-China Trade Woes’, Dow Jones International News, 6 September. Retrieved from Factiva database. Reuters 2007a, ‘China should revalue yuan faster: U.S. official’, 21 June. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSL2111360320070621 Reuters 2007b, ‘Rice: China doesnt play fair on trade, currency’, 6 July. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0619427620070706 Somerville, G Palmer D 2007, ‘U.S. pass on China currency stirs Senate action’, Reuters, 13 June. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN1334224920070613?sp=true The Economist 2007, ‘Another shoe to drop: It is how steadily the dollar is falling that counts, not how swiftly’, 13 September. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9804394CFID=14864436CFTOKEN=90675586 Tung, CY Baker, S 2004, ‘RMB revaluation will serve China’s self-interest’, April. Retrieved September 21, 2007, from Macquarie University WebCT. US Department of Labor 2007, Archived News Releases for Consumer Price Index. Retrieved September 29, 2007, from bls.gov/schedule/archives/cpi_nr.htm Xinhua News Agency 2005a, ‘Yuan Peg to Dollar Scrapped’, 21 July. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from china.org.cn/english/2005/Jul/135685.htm Xinhua News Agency 2005b, ‘RMB Wont Float by Big Margin’, 22 July. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from china.org.cn/english/2005/Jul/135753.htm Yang, J Bajeux-Besnainou, I 2006, ‘Is the Chinese Currency Undervalued?’, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, no. 2, pp. 106–130. Research Papers on The Value of the Chinese RenminbiDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Project Managment Office System

Business Strategy Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Strategy Bachelor - Essay Example The leadership model is leadership with a vision. Their expectation of management is that they will make sound management decisions and leadership that sets a company standard of excellence. A SWOT analysis is in essence a situational assessment of how a company or organization stands within the business that they do. There are three very distinct components that make it up and those are market assessment, the mission, the vision and values and the internal assessment. The SWOT itself is the Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of this organization. The SWOT for CHS would look like that following: S- CHS is a strong organization well supported by a large capital base with income from 120 hospitals and a large stockholder base. Many of the stockholders are employees and they have the opportunity for gain as well as the stockholders. The corporate leaders are highly recognized, in fact the corporate CEO, Smith, is recognized as one of the most important CEO's in the healthcare world. He has much experience and has gleaned a very loyal following in his leadership team (Watkins, 2002). W-It is no longer a surprise when CHS elects to take over a hospital or group of hospitals. This was a major advantage when they did the hostile takeover of the Triad corporation. This puts all hospitals on the alert when they see any type of negotiations that may reflect the involvement of CHS. Another weakness that is seen as a strength within the Corporation is the need to make every department in a hospital the same in every hospital. It does provide them with consistency within the Corporation but it does not allow any creative vision from the people within these departments. O-For a company like CHS, there are always opportunities. In this case there is the failing hospital in the medium size town that they have the cash to purchase, even though the hospital does not want to be. CHS, in their business model statement, clearly states that they concentrate on the effective integrating of acquisitions and improving hospital operations. The average number of Directors that leave a hospital that has been taken over by CHS is 6. This is definitely a weakness and shows itself in their postings for available positions. A position that is especially vulnerable is the CNO position (CHS, 2008). T-The threats to a Corporation like CHS is the bigger Corporation. Most of their threats are external in nature. Is it possible to have a Corporate take over from another company It is not likely but it was also not likely at the time that this would happen to Triad, either. This is always a possibility when you are a publicly traded company. This is real time trading today on the stockmarket. The strategic objectives for CHS are to continue

Sketches Bill Cleggs and Mathew Dickmans prescription for eudaimonia Essay

Sketches Bill Cleggs and Mathew Dickmans prescription for eudaimonia - Essay Example For this reason, Aristotle’s ethics and politics are both heavily focused on virtue (Gallager, 2010). According to Rorty (1980, pp.07), Eudemonia essentially involve just the activity of the theoretical intellect of human life and action and accordance with the broader excellence of moral virtues and practical wisdom. This view connects the eudemonia with the conception of human nature as composite, that is, as involving the interaction of reason, emotion, perception and action in a body full of soul. Ninety days is a short novel that situates a lot of drama into an easy to read 194 pages. This book covers the months following Cleggs decision to go into an inpatient facility to renounce cocaine and alcohol at age 34.  It’s the story of Cleggs battle to get back his life, an obvious and persuasive story of the opportunity of recovery. However, it sketches an overwhelming depiction of the loads of challenges one will tolerate on this journey. The twin brother of poet Michael Dickman, poet Matthew Dickman was born on August 20, 1975 grew up in Lents, a working-class suburb of Portland, Oregon. He was raised by his mother. He earned a BA at the University of Oregon after that he earned an MFA from the University of Texas at Austins Michener Center. Dickman’s unveiling collection, All American Poem (2008), was chosen by Tony Hoagland for the American Poetry Review’s Honickman First Book Prize in Poetry and also won the 2009 Oregon Book Award for Poetry. According to Perring (2012) Ninety Days  is a follow up to Cleggs tale of his decline into drug use and his ultimate entrance into drug rehabilitation. Bill Clegg discloses to his readers as he explain the laborious journey he took to attain his first 90 days of sobriety. Any person who has not gone through the experience of substance mistreatment would not be able to recognize how an individual feels who has exactly gone the whole thing. Actually it is a

Movie report Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Report - Movie Review Example Thereby to deserve the white paternalism of Matt Drayton, he should better be perfect in all other ways. He should not come out as being someone who justifies the white fear of a Black loser out to exploit an innocent white woman. The other surprising thing is that almost all the Black characters in the movie are tacitly obsequious towards the white characters, seeming totally unaffected by the black rage imbuing the times in which this movie was made and released. The only Black rage one comes across in the movie is the Black rage aimed at a Black, as that of Dr. Prentices against his father. Moreover, in the climax it is Matt Drayton, the evident liberal representative of the white race in the movie, who is shown as giving the final verdict. Obviously he is asserting a white definition of assimilation, in which the colored subject should be willing to dilute one’s personal notions of racial identity. The ludicrous thing is that the movie ends with a very liberal redefinition of the American family, both white and Black family members having a good time at the dinner table. Perhaps, nobody cares to notice that this new version of the ideal American family is being served dinner by a Black maid, a stock, hackneyed and stereotypical white idea of Black

How to Improve Teens Self-Esteem

How to Improve Teens Self-Esteem Adolescence is a crucial stage in the life of your child. As a parent, you have the challenge of guiding them toward a happy, responsible adulthood. There is good reason to be worried, with all the changes and challenges confronting them. Though the majority of teens can successfully sail through adolescence, a significant number end up stalled or sidetracked along the way. Some barely make it through. A confident teen with a strong sense of self-worth or healthy self-esteem has a bigger chance of succeeding in life. They may, however, need some help to have a fulfilling adolescence and stable preparation for the next stage of life. If you want to help your child achieve their dreams, it is proactive to supplement your parental care with professional assistance. Why Is Your Teen Unhappy? The Developing Teen Seeing your child groping through the teen years can result in your feeling helpless. You may wonder why they have no friends hanging around your home on the weekends or why they seem uninterested in social events. Could they be suffering from poor self-esteem? Having healthy self-esteem isnt everything, but it can be a good start in negotiating adolescence. In this age of booming telecommunication miracles (the Internet, computers, satellites, etc.), it is easy for teens to develop a poor self-image by comparing themselves to what they perceive as ideal-clear skin, a body with the right measurements, beautiful and bouncy tresses, etc. Despite knowing that nobodys perfect and even famous beauties have flaws, they may still feel inadequate, unlovable, and unworthy. It has nothing to do with their appearance, weight, or popularity. With low self-worth, they will always find something unacceptable or inadequate about themselves. Teens are vulnerable to poor self-worth because they are in the middle of a transition. Their hormones are shifting and raging, their brain connections are wired differently, and they are incessantly challenged academically and socially. While all these problems are natural, it is not healthy to leave your teen unguided. Adolescence is also a stage when they can be reckless with their actions and decisions. It is important to be supportive, but more important to help them develop healthy self-esteem. Self-Esteem in the Eyes of Teens Self-esteem is the value that an individual gives themselves based on their perceived worth to others and the world in general. It isnt static, but changes throughout life. It is typically most unstable during adolescence and during major life transitions. According to Understanding Teenagers, adolescence is a time of life when a persons self-esteem is known to fluctuate significantly. It is estimated that up to a half of adolescents will struggle with low self-esteem, many of these occurrences during the early teen years. For a teen in search of identity, low self-esteem can harm budding relationships, trust in others, their ability to achieve their dreams, and their happiness. Unfortunately, improving your childs view of themselves and their abilities can be a real challenge, because the issue is complicated by their tendency to measure their worth in terms of their looks. There are several important predictors of an adolescents self-esteem: transitions, social stability, and the most influential-appearance. A number of studies have revealed that there is a strong correlation between teenagers who express dissatisfaction with their appearance and those who have low level of self-esteem. The correlation is even stronger among teenage girls as a response to the social pressures generated by the media about what is perfect or ideal. What Your Teens Body Language Says about Low Self-Esteem How do you know if your teen has good self-esteem? An adolescent with positive self-esteem is confident, positive, responsible, trusting, and independent but cooperative, with a good sense of self-direction and control. Other signs include consciousness of their strengths, the ability to say no, and the ability to accept their limitations and shortcomings, resolve their issues, and manage their feelings. Conversely, poor self-esteem can outwardly manifest in being perpetually negative and critical of themselves, perfectionism, and fear of being scoffed at. They will not make decisions, fearing risks or blame for any untoward repercussion. They feel unloved and inadequate, and they are always suspicious of people and their intentions. Some of the observable signs of poor self-worth that you would want to note are pervasive insecurity shown by walking or talking with their heads down to avoid eye contact, being self-critical, using negative statements about themselves, and perpetually apologizing. Wanting to elevate their perceived status, they may tease others, gossip, or engage in name-calling. They may also attract attention by talking loudly, bragging, or using excessive gestures. If this is your teen, get their symptoms assessed-the sooner, the better. Supplementing Parental Care with Counseling There is nothing better than raising your child in a loving and supportive environment. Be aware, however, that it cant guarantee that your teen will have a perfect life or that you can fix all their issues. There is a world outside your home and there are influences beyond your control. Nevertheless, you can make it easier for your child to enjoy their adolescence. With the right help from a counselor contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC, to supplement your care, it is achievable. A teens self-esteem is like a roller-coaster ride-there will be ups and downs. This is normal. While many teenagers can handle the stage on their own, they may need help when the going gets tough. With the help of an experienced counselor independently contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC, your child can realize their full potential and grow into a responsible and independent adult who learns from their mistakes. When your child becomes too hard on themselves because they arent slimmer, fairer, smarter, or more in fashion, be there for them to affirm their worth. If their reaction is extreme to the point of obsession, try to understand them and find help so they can develop healthy self-acceptance and self-worth. This is how a CCS-contracted therapist can help.ÂÂ   Call now for an appointment!

Analysis of Dulce et Decorum Est :: Papers

Analysis of Dulce et Decorum Est It is sweet and meet to die for ones country, better known as Dulce et Decorum Est is a great  poem written by war poet Wilfred Owen. It involves a tragic war situation. It is easily understood. The  poem also has a very unique sound to it.    Wilfred Owen was born on March 18th in 1893.He was the eldest of four children born in Oswestry. He was brought up in the Anglican religion of the Evangelical school. An evangelical man is saved not by the good he does but by faith he has in redeeming power of Christ’s sacrifice. He  rejected most of his belief  by 1913; the influence of his education remains visible in his poems and their themes: Sacrifice biblical language, and his description of hell.    In 1913 he moved to Bordeaux, as a teacher of English in the Berlitz School of language: one year later he was a private teacher in a prosperous family in the Pyrenees. He enlisted in the Artists Rifles on the 21st of October 1915 there followed 14 months training in England. He was drafted to France in 1917 the worst war winter. His total war experience will be a short four months, from which only five weeks in the front line. On this is based all his war poetry.    In August 1918, after his friend, the other Great War poet, Siegfried Sassoon had been severely injured and sent back to England, Owen returned to France war was still as horrid as before. The butchery war ended on November 11th, 1918 at 11 o clock. Seven days before, Owen had been killed in one of the last vain battles of this war. The situation of Dulce et Decorum est s a tragic situation. The poems  speaker is Wilfred Owen. He is a soldier who is sent into the front lines of battle.There is not a particular audience that he is looking for.    The occasion is the cold winter  war in the trenches. It is men fighting for their country and dying for an honor. The poem takes place on a cold day in 1917.It is outside on the Western Front in France. The poem is telling our about the hard ships that the soldiers went through. His theme of the poem is about trench warfare.

Negative and Positive Learning Experience Examples

Positive learning experienceI have had many negative learning experiences, but at the same time I have had a good number of positive ones, that I have enjoyed and have benefited from greatly. Learning English as a foreign language at one of the clubs in my town back in Russia was, probably, the best learning experiences I have had so far. But what made it so positive? First of all, the motivation factor. I was 15 years old and very passionate about learning English.I wanted to be able to use it for my career as a teacher and simply in daily communication with my friends, American missionaries. The ability to speak another language opened up a whole new world for me of a different culture, people, literature, films, music and mentality. I spent 2 years learning English at this club. I was bit apprehensive at the start as my school English classes were not effective at all and did not help me in learning English, giving me an impression that it was completely my fault that I could not learn English.But after a few weeks at this club I felt relief, pride and personal satisfaction as I made a steady progress and was getting a noticeable result. Secondly, the lessons were of a very practical nature. The communicative approach was used to help us learn more affectively. We were actively participating in speaking, writing, listening and thinking. The tasks were challenging, difficult but achievable. My learning was enhanced by the potential applications of the English language after the lessons in speaking with my friends.Thirdly, the language we learnt was contemporary and up-to-date, so the learning was relevant and challenging. We were encouraged to learn English through reading books, watching films and even speaking to each other in English in daily life as the majority of learners did not have native speakers’ friends like I was fortunate to have. Another positive moment for me was that it was not a school environment. The atmosphere was relaxed and I did not feel an unnecessary pressure to follow any schedule. Our work was not graded and that alone was a very freeing point for me.I could focus on actual learning and not worry about getting good or bad grades. And finely, the group of people that I learnt English with all consisted of highly motivated and enthusiastic people, who were very committed to learning the English language. The opportunity to learn from each other in the classroom increased my motivation and learning. Active involvement and co-operation in our group helped me to enjoy our lessons. a pupil at that point of my life. | Looking back now as teacher I cannot say those were the perfectly composed lessons.I would have done many things differently if i had been a teacher of that club now. But it was certainly a very different experience from everything else I had as a pupil at that point of my life. Negative learning experienceAs most students, adults or children, I have experiences a number of negative learning exp eriences over my lifetime, everything from poor instructional methods to strongly influential teachers. These learning experiences have created impressions and preconceptions that added to the diversity of my classroom experience.It is important to examine not only positive learning experiences but negative ones as well, to understand the influence that the past learning experience makes on the future learning. Most of my negative learning experience occurs in the first 2 years of the University where I studied the English language for teaching and translation purposes. Why do I consider that learning experience to be negative? First of all, in my opinion, the students’ needs were not properly addressed.As a student I often felt very discouraged when I saw inconsiderate behaviour on the part of my teacher. Witnessing repeated problems caused me at some point of learning to question my major and even my aspirations for a university degree. I think our teacher was unaware of ou r interests, backgrounds and even anxieties. This knowledge would have helped her to make the class seem more personal and the materials more accessible. Secondly, the teacher failed to provide materials and resources that worked with all or most learning styles.I am a visual – learning student. Often I struggled during the lessons to follow or recall information that was â€Å"heard† in a lesson. If I had been provided some visual aids when studying I would have retained more information. This visual tools would have improved my ability to store or and recall information more completely and effectively. And thirdly, the communicative approach was very rarely used, if at all during the lessons. Communicative language teaching makes use of real-life situations that produce communication.Our teacher, unfortunately, rarely set up situations that we could encounter in real life. My learning was not motivated by real-life simulations and meaningful topics. We were learning the language out of context, both linguistic and social. Some situational context was still present though. We rarely engaged in class discussions when we could have shared our experiences and viewpoints. The teacher talked more and listened less. Because of my decreased responsibility to participate, I was losing confidence in using the target language in general. I felt less responsible for my own learning.As a result, my grades were low, so was my self-esteem. My damaged self-esteem caused my negative learning cycle to progress. I missed quite a few classes. I lacked motivation for any classwork and became withdrawn. This negative learning experience was probably one of the strongest. It did get better in the next three years of the University. Maybe because we the teacher changed or I was somehow able to remove the barriers to my learning that and had been put in the first two years of the University. been put in the first two years of the University. |

Meaning of life †Anthropology Essay

The Meaning of Life and Cultural Relativism –What is the meaning of life? –â€Å"What’s the meaning of life? † is today a question generally meant as a joke. This apparently wasn’t true in the past. Religious teachers, from Jesus to Buddha to Mohammed, offered a clear meaning of life. Philosophers from Plato to Augustine to Voltaire to Nietzsche to William James also offered such a meaning, although in progressively less certain ways. –Today, however, philosophers have mostly turned away from questions of the meaning of life (or when they discuss it, they may proclaim life’s meaninglessness, as does Nagel in this week’s reading). A big reason for this is that there are so many different beliefs in the world today: they relativize all beliefs, and make certainty problematic. –A key principle of anthropology is â€Å"cultural relativism†: this has become a central principle in today’s world at large. How can you know that your sense of â€Å"the meaning of life† is truer than someone else’s sense of â€Å"the meaning of life†? This is why it may be difficult to be both a Christian and an anthropologist. And this is why this course cannot offer much advice as to â€Å"the meaning of life. † Meanings of Life in Anthropology –Anthropologists thus can’t discuss â€Å"the meaning of life†; but they can analyze people’s personal meanings of life, as a way of better understanding how people are culturally and socially shaped. There is a fundamental difference between â€Å"the meaning of life† and â€Å"meanings of life,† and only the latter can be fully explored by anthropologists. –Anthropologists explore culture: the ways of thinking by which people live. Anthropologists study a range of different culturally-shaped fields, from economics to politics to religion to gender in different societies. However, few anthropologists have directly studied â€Å"meanings of life† (maybe none, except for me! ) This is because in most societies that anthropologists study, there is no ordinary word that people use to describe what’s most important to them in their lives. –However, the Japanese language has such a term: ikigai. Ikigai means â€Å"that which makes your life worth living,† or, more practically speaking, â€Å"what’s most important to you in your life. † Common ikigai are work, family, religious belief, creative endeavor, or personal dream. 1 –Why does only Japanese have the term ikigai? Why don’t other languages have ikigai? In any case, even if other languages don’t have the term ikigai, people everywhere can understand what ikigai means. It is â€Å"what’s most important to you in life,† â€Å"what makes your life worth living. † –What is your ikigai? This is difficult for students, because you haven’t yet made the life choices of work and family that you probably will make over the next few years. But you can get some idea: Is it pleasing your parents? Finding a boyfriend/girlfriend? Gaining knowledge? Getting good grades and a good future job? Helping the world become better? Pursuing creativity? Being close to God? The Sociocultural Analysis of Ikigai . –Most Japanese books about ikigai talk about it in a psychological sense: how individuals seek and find and lose ikigai. However, ikigai is also social: all ikigai involve us in the world of other people: whether you live for family, for your personal dream, for God, or for alcohol, all of these are social. –Ikigai in this sense I define as â€Å"that which most deeply links the self to the social world†: ikigai is what ties you to the world around you. This can take two broad forms: ikigai as self-realization, and ikigai as commitment to one’s group: both are fundamentally social. –Here is a one-sentence cross-cultural theory of ikigai: â€Å"On the basis of culturally and personally-shaped fate, individuals strategically formulate and interpret their ikigai from an array of cultural conceptions, negotiate these ikigai within their circles of immediate others, and pursue their ikigai as channeled by their society’s institutional structures so as to attain and maintain a sense of the personal significance of their lives. † We have ikigai because ikigai gives us a sense of the purpose and significance and worth of our lives; but we necessarily hold these ikigai within the context of the society around us, with which we constantly interact in forming and maintaining ikigai.

Generating awareness about science in India essays

Generating awareness about science in India essays Science has given us powers fit for the Gods. Science, systematic study of anything that can be examined, tested and verified. From its early beginning, science has developed into one of the greatest and influential fields of human endeavour. Today, different branches of science investigate almost everything that can be observed or detected, and science as a whole shapes the way we understand everything. Science develops through objective analysis instead of through personal belief. Science gives us a detailed insight into the way the world around us works. Today, science has a profound effect on the way we live, largely through technology the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. The powers of science are not used properly. Why? It is due to the lack of awareness. Awareness should start from the grassroot level ie. Villages and rural areas, because, they are the areas where the majority of Indias population lies and where the innocent masses are still in the grip of superstitions. Although internet and telephone connections have been provided to some villages by the government, a lot still has to be done in this regard. Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty. Natural resources are being exploited. People everywhere need to think about this. For the purpose of awareness regarding this and many other subjects, various methods can be adopted. Lectures can be organized in schools, these children can then organize rallies in villages, NGOs can be asked to work only for this cause. Educational trips to factories can be organized so that students learn to use the resources judiciously. When you educate a man, you educate an individual, but when you educate a woman, you educate a family. ...

Car is dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Car is dangerous - Essay Example Most of these cases occur once children are left alone in a hot car. Is happens sometimes when the attendant forgets that there were children in the car or when children get into cars without the knowledge of any adult. Within a few minutes the children can be in danger (Heat danger in cars: not just a summer problem, 2012). In some instances, parents do not like taking their children in and out of that cumbersome car seat. This is when they argue that they are making a quick belief stop. However, the stakes are very high. According to Christopher McStay, MD who is an emergency room doctor, it is never okay to leave children or pets in a car even when the windows are left down. He says that he has witnessed his share of casualties in the emergency room. According to him, a car is a greenhouse and the temperatures can become very hot in a very short time (Heat danger in cars: not just a summer problem, 2012). According to scientists, on a day that is only 72 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature in a car may rise by 30 or to 40 degrees within an hour, and more than 70 percent of this increase happens within the first 30 minutes (Grundstein, Dowd & Meentemeyer, 2012). They say that there may be heat stroke which may happen once the body temperature exceeds 104 degrees Fahrenheit. That results to the irresistible temperature of the brain causing dizziness, confusion, agitation, seizure, sluggishness and loss of consciousness or even death (Grundstein, Dowd & Meentemeyer, 2012). The National Highway traffic Safety Administration advises that when one happens to see a child left alone in hot car, the person should call 911 right away. And incase the child is in distress because of heat, they should be removed from the car as fast as possible (Musso, 2014). According to doctors, it is unfortunate that some child carriers make it difficult to know if there is a child in the seat because

Conduct a comparison between latest Intel and AMD chips Research Paper

Conduct a comparison between latest Intel and AMD chips - Research Paper Example The chips increase the performances of various technical materials like laptops, desktops and servers. Intel chips helps in raising greater capabilities in processors in terms of improved quality for the purpose of offering superior products to the customers (Intel Corporation, n.d). Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. introduced advanced chipsets for serving its broad base of customers globally. The chipsets of the organization have been designed in order to compete with Intel in the global market. AMD processors have been noted to be less expensive as compared to Intel and possess greater operational performance (Mueller, 2011). Based on the above discussion, the paper intends to conduct a comparison between latest Intel and AMD chips in terms of their advantages as well as disadvantages, value creation, costs along with affordability, reliability and expected future. Discussion Advantages of Intel Chips The various advantages of Intel chips can be viewed in terms of satisfying its broad base of customers globally, resulting in increasing sales and enhancing profitability along with productivity. One of the major advantages of Intel chips has been noted to be its deliverance of advanced technological and quality products to the customers through which effective performance can be ensured. The chips like Intel H57 and H55 Express are capable of delivering various extensive features incorporated with advanced technologies that embrace various features like High Definition (HD) graphics, Remote PC Assist Technology and Rapid Storage Technology. Another disadvantage of Intel chips is that with the assistance of the latest chips belonging to Intel, it is quite possible to acquire high quality graphics, view videos and listen to audio systems with advanced technology. Intel Rapid Storage Technology chipsets are regarded as quite significant as these chipsets are capable of storing additional data. Moreover, these chipsets are also capable of increasing performance of the laptops and desktops as well as possess lesser consumption of power. Additionally, these chips are so powerful that valuable information can be protected, in case of any failure in hard disk drive (Intel Corporation, 2009). Disadvantages of Intel Chips One of the crucial disadvantages of Intel chips has been noted to be its price. It has been apparently observed in this particular context that the price of Intel chips is quite expensive as compared to others like AMD. Another disadvantage of Intel chips is the heat factor. It has been viewed that the chips belonging to Intel generates huge quantity of heat that requires multiple fans for cooling (Aries Technology Inc., n.d). Advantages of AMD Chips In order to determine the advantages of AMD chips, it has been viewed that AMD chips or processors are capable of facilitating the users with efficient visualization and sharp as well as clear video features. These chips are also power efficient and enable in greater processing with apply ing advanced technological features. The longevity of the battery of AMD chips is much longer that possess the capability of storing high quality graphics (Advanced Micro Devices, 2013). Disadvantages of AMD chips One of the disadvantages of AMD chips is the technology. It can be affirmed in this particular circumstance that Intel uses certain advanced technological advancements which ultimately makes the organization more powerful as compared to

Discrimination Against Prisoners with Learning Disabilities Essay

Discrimination Against Prisoners with Learning Disabilities - Essay Example An inexplicably huge population of prisoners has mental disabilities; the World Health Organisation (WHO) reports that a large number of prisoners in Europe have some kind of mental disorder, specifically learning disability. A current study conducted in New South Wales, Australia reported that 80% of the total prisoner population have a mental disorder. In the United States, more than half of the prisoner population are under medication for psychotic problems and major depression. Studies in the United Kingdom have reported a comparable situation. As reported by a current Prison Reform Trust study, prisoners with learning disabilities experience discrimination and other human rights violence. Among people with mental disorders those with learning disorders are still among the most discriminated and mistreated members of the society. According to the United Nations Special Rapporteur, â€Å"... [t]heir neglect is reflected in society at large, among the health professionals, and in the human rights community† (Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 2012, p. 105). This discrimination and neglect are even more severe in the prison environment in numerous countries. Current studies in several countries have revealed the huge population of prisoners suffering from learning disabilities and the severely insufficient attention given to their mental health care needs.   Some individuals with learning disabilities are at risk of criminal behaviour and are, thus, predisposed to have dealings with the criminal justice system.

Criticisms Trafficking Perspective Essay Example for Free

Criticisms Trafficking Perspective Essay The pentameter 1 and 2 and the United Kingdoms government Action plan to tackle trafficking have many deficiencies regarding the ability of the victims to access human rights. First, the victims are given minimum care. However, there is minimal concern for women who are trafficked for other reasons other than sexual abuse. The United Kingdom government, through the provisions of the two articles, has shown very little commitment to provide fully for this category of women. In most cases, they just remain in the Poppy project. There is also very little awareness creation amongst the rescued women about men who demand to buy sex from them. This means that they are not fully protected because despite the fact that the women have been rescued from the initial traffickers, they are still in danger of sexual abuse from men who seek to pay for their sexual services. These women mostly give in to such demands because of their lack of finances and employment (USAID, 2006). Besides, because of limited skills and education, the women lack options and just give in to the demands of the men. The understanding and implementation of victim care is very narrow. The victims have limited access to the services that they require. Aspects of employment, education, recreation, interpretation of languages and legal representation are seldom given priority, however basic they sound to be. These victims are also not assisted during documentation procedures especially those from other nations. Hence, they spend more time than they need to in rehabilitation centers. The United Kingdom lacks specialized care for children and young people relieved from human trafficking. The children usually have special needs making them require special support systems. The rescue process hardly provides for this. Besides, special services like education for this category are not availed. Other services include individualized counseling, protection from harm and providing them with special diets (National Childrens Bureau, 2002) There are no provisions of training, education and employment for the rescued individuals. This is considered unfair especially to school going age children. Besides, one of the contributing factors to human trafficking is poverty. This means that the individual may lack adequate skills needed for employment. The United Kingdom system does not provide funds for training rescued individuals, much as it could be a sure way of addressing poverty. Lack of employment or training opportunities has led to the victims escaping from the rehabilitation centers, at times falling back in to the hands of the traffickers and at times just searching for employment away from the rehabilitation centers (Rosenberg, 2004). The system does not specify clear strategies that would ensure that trafficked individuals are united with their families. Family reunification would reduce congestion in the rehabilitation centers. It is also considered as an immediate measure especially when individuals are United Kingdom citizens. Besides, it is cheaper as compared to keeping the victims in to rehabilitation centers. The victims are also not involved in the process of formulating policies that concern them. These policies address their needs and theoretically, they ought to be very vocal during formulation of such policies. This would ensure that their basic needs are considered and addressed accordingly. Belser (2005) argues that it also gives them a sense of security and ownership. These contribute to the sustainability of projects set up to address their concerns. There is stigma usually associated with the trafficked persons. This includes associating the persons with vices like prostitution. The pentameter 1 and 2 and the UK government action plan on human trafficking fails to give clear measures on how they would address this. Stigmatization of the rescued individuals by the entire public contributes to psychological effects including isolation. Isolation causes stress related complications and affects social cohesion. Lack of social cohesion increases tension amongst the group and this makes coping difficult. Clear strategies need to be initiated to educate the public about this. Stigmatization also discourages the rescued victims from adopting socially acceptable behavior. The system also lacks gender sensitive strategies when rescuing individuals. Men, as well as women have different needs and this should be addressed accordingly (Anderson, 2003). The needs of women especially those basic for survival need to be given priority in order to discourage them from escaping from the rehabilitation centers. The identification procedure is also not clear in the two articles. This has led to the victims of human trafficking being treated as immigration criminals in some instances. This makes the individuals more frustrated and the effects associated with this are significant. For example, they develop psychological illnesses and stress. There is also a gap with respect to the provisions of men who fall victims of human trafficking. The two articles do not give any information on how the needs of men would be met, once they fall victims of sexual harassment and prostitution. The documents focus more on women and children. Despite the fact that the number of men is small, they are also victims and their needs should be given equal priority. The security of the human trafficking individuals, even when they are in the rehabilitation centers is not fully assured. ECPAT UK (2004) explains that this has led to the disappearance of some children from the centers, mainly because they are lured away by the initial traffickers or they go looking for jobs to support themselves. The two articles fail to provide clear procedures that would be used to help change the attitudes of women who are victims but are reluctant abandon the practice due to economic and or behavioral factors. Attitudes have a primary role in changing the behaviors of people. Developing positive attitudes ensures that people do and behave as expected. Efforts therefore would need to be channeled to assisting the rescued victims change their attitude. This will also be instrumental in helping them resist the temptation of falling back to prostitution in extreme cases where they lack finances. In addition, positive attitudes would help the victims recover quickly from the shock of being assaulted. REFERENCE Anderson, B. and Davidson, J. O. (2003). Is Trafficking a Human Beings Demand Driven? A Muilti-country Pilot Study. Geneva: IOM. Belser, P. (2005). Forced Labor and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profits, Working Paper. Geneva: International Labor Organization Office. ECPAT UK(2004). Cause of Concern? London Social Services and Child Trafficking. London: ECPAT. National Childrens Beaureau, (2002). Is Someone Taking a Part of You? London: NCB. Rossenberg, R. (2004). Best practices for programming to prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in Europe and Eurasia. Maryland: Development Alternatives. USAID. (2006). Trafficking in Person: USAIDs Response. Washington DC: USAID

Vulnerability Issues In A Case Study Social Work Essay

Vulnerability Issues In A Case Study Social Work Essay The purpose of this assessment is to identify and discuss the vulnerability issues arising from the scenario. Peter is a vulnerable adult and inclined to be forgetful therefore, reference will be made to the nursing and Midwifery Councils code of professional conduct in respect of duty of care, safety, respecting clients dignity, confidentiality, and consent to accept or refuse treatment. This case scenario is not a real client, therefore no consent was needed and no breach of confidence was made. An attempt will be made to explore whether Peter has the mental capacity to consent to the treatment himself. Guidelines on The Mental Health Act 2005 and the legislation will be included to support this. A discussion will be outlined to the nurses role in safeguarding vulnerable patients and their families, which will include the governments policies and procedures, and the Nursing and Midwiferys Council guidelines. The discussion will also include the consequences of the policies not bein g followed correctly and the outcome that would have on the nurse. The key vulnerability issues relating to Peter and his daughter within the scenario will be identified such as Peters age and his forgetfulness. This assignment will contain the major role and responsibilities of a nurse in terms of ensuring that the rights of Peter are promoted and maintained and will be specifically around him not to be treated in a degrading manner. Autonomy and advocacy, and the interventions which are available to support Peter for his security to be assured and him needing confidence to increase his mobility. The Human Rights Act (2008) refers to individuals rights to make decisions for himself and not to be discriminated against. Peter has a specific right of expression of thought and conscience to accept or refuse care. The assignment criteria require students to explain how Peters autonomy may be promoted by the nurse to gain the ability to make his own decision, including patient-centred care and acting as an advocate. A final requirement of students is to specify and justify appropriate professional behaviour and interventions for Peter. Reference will be made to therapeutic relationships between t he nurse and Peter, highlighting the support the nurse should give to the patient and his family, and to discuss the importance of maintaining professional boundaries. The multi-disciplinary team will also have to assess Peters home to see if there were any adjustments needed to support him further with his mobility. Peter would also need further extensive health services if he agrees to go ahead with the surgery. The paper is presented in accordance in line with the Universitys academic guidelines presented as appendix 7 in the Student Handbook 2010. References will also be citied in line with the Universitys own version of the Harvard referencing system. Main Body Vulnerability Section 1 According to Rogers 1997, vulnerability is Liable to damage or harm, especially from aggression or attack. Vulnerability is when a person is put into a situation where they are not familiar with, which makes them feel uncomfortable. A vulnerable adult is anyone over the age of 18 who is unable to protect themselves against harm or exploitation. The types of people who may be particularly vulnerable are children, the elderly, adults with visual, hearing or speech impairment. Other types of vulnerable adults include those with learning disabilities, mental health problems or a severe physical illness. People who require care services may have an increase in their vulnerability as they are entering a new environment with unfamiliar surroundings. Another factor could be their age and if they are unable to take care of themselves. Therefore, they are not in control of the situation and could become fully dependant on a nurse to care for them which to the patient increases their risk of becoming vulnerable. Peter is particularly vulnerable due to him being 85 years old and inclined to be forgetful, also the fact his daughter is trying to force Peters decision in going ahead with the surgery yet he is no longer certain he wants too. Abuse is a violation of an individuals human and civil rights by any other person or persons (Department of Health, Pg 9). Abuse can consist of a single act or repeated acts. It may be verbal, physical or psychological; it may be an act of neglect or an omission to act. It may occur when a vulnerable person is persuaded to enter into a financial or sexual transaction to which he or she has not consented, or cannot consent. Abuse can occur in any relationship and may result in significant harm to, or exploitation of the person subjected to it. A nurses most important responsibility is to the client first. The NMC (2008), states that Nurses have an absolute duty to safeguard and protect vulnerable adults from harm. The responsibility of a nurse is to promote health, prevent illness, restore health and alleviate suffering. A nurse should take appropriate action to safeguard the individual when their care is endangered by a co-worker or anyone else. Nurses have a right but also a responsibility to act on behalf of the client if they feel he or she is being mistreated. Registered nurses hold a position of trust to the client and this must never be breached, they should also maintain professional relationships with vulnerable clients at all times. A nurse not only has a professional duty to protect vulnerable clients, but also a legal responsibility. If a nurse failed to comply with legal obligations they could be struck off the NMC register, but also it could be classed as a criminal offence. The Independent Safeguarding Authority is a government policy which helps to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable adults. They assess those individuals working or wishing to work in regulated activity that are referred to them on the grounds that they pose a possible risk of harm to vulnerable groups. The Government ensures the safety of vulnerable adults by integrating strategies, policies and services relevant to abuse within the framework of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, and the Mental Health Act 1983. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 and Code of Practice is another vitally important piece of legislation setup by the government. The Code of Practice provides guidance and support to anyone who is working with or caring for adults who may lack a decision making capacity. This includes professionals, carers and families who know the person best. It focuses on those who have a duty of care to someone who may lack the capacity to agree to the care that is being provided. As the NMC (2008) states, You must disclose information if you believe someone may be at risk of harm, in line with the law of the country in which you are practising. Section 2 The key vulnerability issues relating to Peter is that he is an elderly client of 85 years. He has not yet consented to the treatment as he is feeling apprehensive as there are major risks associated with the procedure. His daughter is very keen for the surgery to go ahead and Peter is seeking help from the nurse as he obviously feels he cannot discuss his fears with his daughter. Section 3 Article 3 in the Human Rights Act states no one shall be tortured, or suffer inhuman or degrading treating or punishment. Although there is no absolute right to receive care in the UK, all patients have certain rights in their dealings with health care professionals. In 1995, the government issued the patients charter to inform clients of their rights, it is designed to improve the services people receive and it lays down the level of care that people can expect from the National Health Service. The charter was made public so that clients know the standards they should expect, they can take steps to complain and have things put right if the standards are not met. Clients rights include the right to make their own decisions about their own lives and the right to be given appropriate information to make informed decisions. The right to privacy and confidentiality and to be given appropriate assistance in exercising their rights, when they are unable to themselves, such as having an advocate available. Clients also have the right to freedom from exploitative and abusive practice, and the right to have personal beliefs, preferences and choices including religion, culture and political beliefs. Peter should expect the nurse to maintain his rights by having his dignity and privacy maintained while care is being given. The right to be included when making his care plan, the right to accept or refuse treatment, and for his patient information to be kept confidential. Also as Peter asked the nurse to help him make the decision and due to him being vulnerable and inclined to be forgetful, the nurse should act as Peters advocate for him if needed. As the NMC (2008) states: You must uphold peoples rights to be fully involved in decisions about their care. Accountability Accountability is based on three conditions including ability, responsibility and authority. Nurses hold a position of responsibility and to promote efficiency and safety as other people rely on them. They are professionally accountable to the NMC and to the law for their actions. Nurses use their professional judgement, knowledge and skills to make a decision based on evidence for best practice and for the clients best interests. Nurses need to be able to justify the decisions they make. If you are a professional in charge of a task you can be called by law to account what happened, especially if something goes wrong. This is because if a nurse performs a task, they immediately take responsibility for that task and its outcomes As a professional, you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice, and must always be able to justify your decisions (NMC, 2008). Duty of care Any health care professional who undertakes the care of a client owes them a duty of care. A nurses duty of care includes managing risk appropriately, work effectively as part of a team, share information with colleagues and delegate effectively. Treat people as individuals and respect their dignity and confidentiality. Nurses should also need to ensure they gain consent, maintain clear professional boundaries, and collaborate with those in your care. Confidentiality The most essential element to confidentiality is it must be built on trust. The nurses need to know that the client trusts them but also that they trust the nurses professional judgement, knowledge and skills. It is also essential that the nurse feels the client will inform the nurse all that is necessary to deliver the most appropriate care. Confidentiality is an integral component of the nurse-patient relationship and a fundamental element of professional conduct and ethical practice. Sharing information with other professionals can only be done on a strict need to know basis, and patient confidentiality can only be breached in exceptional circumstances. Nurses must maintain confidence and respect the privacy of a patients health information at all times. Professionals must only disclose confidential information with consent from the client, if they are required to by the court of law or where they can justify that it was in the publics interest. Section 4 Autonomy Autonomy is about independence and the freedom to choose, and about not being coerced into doing something one would not otherwise choose to do. Autonomy has been defined as the power of self-determination and freedom from alien domination and constraint (Smith, 1967). Autonomy involves clients making choices for themselves. As a nurse you should actively encourage clients to be involved in the decision making process and ensure that their voice is heard. Respecting clients autonomy means to treat them as a person with rights and not as objects of care. This mainly involves discussing their care and treatment with them in an open and honest way and allowing them to make their own decision about what care they want to receive. For a nurse to be able to promote clients autonomy there has to be a relationship and effective communication between them and the client. If their autonomy is to be respected, then nurses have to allow clients to make decisions and then act upon them. According to (Hendrick, 2004, pg 95) autonomy is defined as The capacity to make reasoned decisions, the ability to think for oneself, to make decisions for oneself and to act on the basis of such thought. Patient-centred care includes all aspects of how services are delivered to our clients. This includes compassion, empathy, values, preferences and responding to all their needs. A nurse should be delivering this care at all times and make sure they are giving the patient all the information available, communicating to them at all times and educating them about their care and how processes and procedures work, using as little jargon as possible. Emotional support should be provided to help relieve clients fears and anxieties as this can be important to a therapeutic relationship. Advocacy Promoting and protecting the interest of people in your care, many of whom will be vulnerable and incapable of protecting their own interest (NMC, 2008). Advocacy is about acting on behalf of the client in a professional capacity who cannot speak themselves. Anyone could potentially need an advocate as any client may feel vulnerable as they are in unfamiliar surroundings. An advocate is acting as an intermediary between clients and family, significant others, and health care providers. It is a role of support for clients, both speaking and emotionally. As a nurse you have a duty of care to encourage the client to participate or if they cannot speak for themselves then nurses should become that persons advocate by putting their needs and views forward, and to ensure their rights are promoted. You must act as an advocate for those in your care, helping them to access relevant health and social care, information and support (NMC, 2008). Consent Valid consent must be given by a competent person and must be given voluntarily. Nurses have three professional responsibilities with regard to obtaining consent. They need to make the care of people their first concern and ensure they gain consent before they begin any treatment or care, ensure that the process of establishing consent is transparent and demonstrate a clear level of professional accountability. After they have obtained consent they need to accurately record all discussions and decisions relating to obtaining consent. Every adult must be presumed to have the mental capacity to consent or refuse treatment, unless an assessment reveals they lack the capacity to consent (NMC, 2008). When a nurse needs to inform a client about proposed treatment or care it is important that they deliver the information in an understanding and sensitive way. It is essential that they are given sufficient information for them to make a decision whether to accept or refuse the treatment being offered. Nurses should also give the client enough time to consider the information and the opportunity to ask questions if they need too. Nurses should not assume that clients know even basic medical information and should explain every aspect with as little jargon as possible in order for the client to make their choice. There are three different types of consent including verbally, implied and written. Clients can express their agreement by either of these forms. With Peters surgery includes risks associated his agreement should be made by written consent. Written consent is a document which shows the patients choice and that discussions have taken place between them and a professional. There can sometimes be difficulties with gaining consent. There are particular vulnerable groups such as older people, people with mental health problems, people with learning difficulties and children. Nurses need to keep these vulnerable groups at the centre of the decision making process. As Peter is a vulnerable elderly client he is weaker and inclined to be forgetful, therefore an assessment would need to be carried out by a nurse of doctor to assess his mental capacity; professionals should always presume that older people are able to make decisions. In the same way a client can accept treatment, they can also make the choice to refuse treatment, even if this may harm them or cause death. Nurses should find out why they are refusing and then the consequences of declining the treatment and what will happen to their health if they dont go ahead. If this happens it is important that you honour their rights and wishes and document fully any decisions made to refuse, and clearly record that this is the clients choice. You must be aware of the legislation regarding mental capacity, ensuring that people who lack capacity remain at the centre of decision making and are full safeguarded (NMC, 2008). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may lack the mental capacity to make an informed decision for themselves. The Act is underpinned by five main principles, the first one being that everyone is assumed to have the mental capacity to make a decision until proven otherwise. Every individual needs to be supported to make a decision and if a person makes what seems like an unwise decision, they should not be treated as lacking capacity. Section 5-last bit In order for a nurse to develop a therapeutic relationship with a client there must be effective communication involved. The very best of care is only achieved if the nurse is committed to getting to know the client in there care through effective assessment as individuals. This involves finding out how best to care for and communicate with them from their perspective, whilst ensuring respect, dignity and fairness are maintained.